Parenthetical Versus Narrative In-Text Citations

In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative.

• In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear in parentheses.
• In narrative citations, the author name is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the year follows in parentheses.

Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses for a parenthetical citation. A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence.

If other text appears with the parenthetical citation, use commas around the year.

When text and a citation appear together in parentheses, use a semicolon to separate the citation from the text; do not use parentheses within parentheses.

The author’s surname appears in running text, and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author’s name for a narrative citation. The author’s name can be included in the sentence in any place it makes sense.

In rare cases, the author and date might both appear in the narrative. In this case, do not use parentheses.