Direct Quotation of Material With Page Numbers

When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation (in both parenthetical and narrative in-text citations).

Follow these guidelines when providing a page number:

• For a single page, use the abbreviation “p.” (e.g., p. 25, p. S41, p. e221).
• For multiple pages, use the abbreviation “pp.” and separate the page range with an en dash (e.g., pp. 34–36).
• If pages are discontinuous, use a comma between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67, 72).

If the work does not have page numbers, provide another way for the reader to locate the quotation.