This page reflects guidance from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual.
This page reflects guidance from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual.
If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen.
In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun).
For example:
A properly placed hyphen helps the reader understand the intended meaning.
Also use hyphens for
Compounds in which the base word is
All "self-" compounds whether they are adjectives or nouns
Exception: self psychology
Words that could be misunderstood
Words in which the prefix ends and the base word begins with the same vowel
Most compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective precedes the term it modifies. If a compound adjective follows the term, do not use a hyphen, because relationships are sufficiently clear without one.
Write most words formed with prefixes and suffixes as one word.
Prefixes
Suffixes
When two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained.
See the Publication Manual for exceptions to these principles.
(adapted from the sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual, © 2010)